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Synthetic Fuels refer to the liquid or gaseous fuel converted from coal, natural gas, biomass and other energetic raw materials through chemical methods. The raw materials for synthetic fuels include fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, oil sands, and oil shale, as well as renewable resources such as biomass, sewage, and CO₂ capture gas.
The main methods for producing synthetic fuels include:
● Fischer Tropsch (FT): Catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon liquid fuels using synthesis gas (CO+H₂). Such as synthetic diesel or gasoline produced by synthetic fuel technologies such as Coal-to-liquids (CTL), Biomass-to-liquids (BTL), and Gas-to-liquids (GTL).
● Electrolytic synthesis method: Combining green hydrogen with captured CO₂ to produce liquid fuel. For example, using Power-to-Liquid (PTL) synthetic fuel technology to generate liquid fuel.
● Methanation reaction: Synthesis gas (CO+H₂) is produced from coal, biomass, etc., and then undergoes methanation reaction to generate synthetic natural gas (SNG).
● Harber-Bosch process: The ammonia production utilizes the Harber-Bosch process, with the chemical equation being 3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃.
The Synthetic fuels include synthetic liquid fuels and synthetic gaseous fuels. Marine synthetic fuels include synthetic diesel, methanol, hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), liquid ammonia (NH₃), synthetic hydrogen, etc.
1. Synthetic Diesel, refers to a liquid fuel synthesized by thermochemical conversion of coal/biomass/natural gas into synthesis gas and then using the Fischer Tropsch process. The chemical properties of the final product may differ from conventional fuels such as gasoline or diesel, but it can also be used in diesel engines. Among them, BTL Diesel is also known as Biomass fuel oil, with international standards of EN 16709 and EN 15940.
2. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), also known as Hydrogenated renewable diesel (HDRD), refer to renewable fuels produced through a hydrotreatment process for hydrocarbon production from fatty acids, using waste vegetable oil, animal fat, and other industrial residues. The production process is usually more expensive than biodiesel, but HVO is a directly usable fuel that can be used in direct distribution, refueling facilities, and existing diesel engines without the need for processing. HVO is commonly referred to as renewable diesel to distinguish it from biodiesel (FAME). International standards: ASTM D 975.
